Ichthyosis (Greek fish) is a rare genetic skin disease that leads to severe cornification. Researchers now understand better how the genetic defect leads to the disease. © via pxhere.com

Named after the Greek word for fish, ichthyosis is a rare genetic disease which results in the skin becoming very dry and scaly. There are mild types that do not prevent patients from leading a normal life, but there are also severe types that can be fatal. The condition cannot be cured, but the symptoms can be alleviated with baths and ointments. Franz Radner, a researcher from Graz, was now able for the first time to explore in greater detail how a genetic defect leads to the disease.

Protective layer of dead skin cells

“The skin forms a barrier between the body and the environment; it shields us against environmental influences and prevents the water stored in the body from being discharged in an uncontrolled manner so that we do not dry out,” explains Radner. Every land-based creature has this barrier. The actual water barrier is located in the outermost part of the skin, in the so-called corneal or horny layer: “It does not consist of living cells, but of dead skin cells, which are held together by a lipid matrix.” Lipids are water-repellent substances in the body. Fats are also a type of lipid. “Think of this skin barrier as a brick wall,” the researcher continues, “the dead skin cells are the bricks, the lipids represent the mortar.” In ichthyosis patients, this layer, which is water-repellent and prevents the body from drying out, is damaged.

Mortar for the skin’s protective barrier

In the context of a project funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, Radner has now investigated how certain gene mutations are linked to ichthyosis. “We looked at the PNPLA1 gene, which is known to cause ichthyosis in both humans and dogs,” explains Radner. PNPLA1 is a skin protein whose function has so far not been precisely identified. If the respective gene is mutated, PNPLA1 will not be produced. “In previous studies we were able to show that damage of the gene leads to ichthyosis,” notes Radner. In order to investigate the effect more closely, he modified the genome of mice and switched off the PNPLA1 gene. "We then took a closer look at the lipids in the skin and found that the lipid acylceramide was missing. On the other hand, there were high levels of the precursors of the lipid, known as omega-hydroxyceramides," said Franz Radner. These latter are actually supposed to react with linoleic acid to form acylceramide, an important component of the aforementioned “skin mortar”. But this step apparently failed, and the skin developed the scaly appearance typical of ichthyosis. “This finding led us to the conclusion that the PNPLA1 gene is necessary for this step.”

On the left the skin of a healthy mouse, on the right a mouse with ichthyosis whose outermost skin layer is thickened and permeable to water. © Franz Radner

With these findings, the microbiologist from the University of Graz has thus bridged a gap in our understanding of how the skin barrier is formed in healthy skin. “The last step in the production of acylceramide was unknown for a very long time; in particular, we didn’t know which protein facilitates the reaction of hydroxyceramides with linoleic acid. We were now able to show that PNPLA1 plays a crucial role here.”

New treatment option

As a genetic disease, ichthyosis has no cure, but, as Radner underlines, a more precise understanding of the genetic defect brings new approaches leading to better treatment. “We have shown that mice suffering from ichthyosis can be effectively treated with lipids from the skin of healthy mice.” Unlike previous treatments directed at symptom relief, this type of treatment addresses the genetic defect directly. In the future, a conceivable option would be skin creams containing synthetic acylceramide. “This would be the first instance of evidence-based treatment,” Radner adds.

Good for ageing skin as well

According to Radner, it is currently undecided whether the new findings will be used in the development of a drug. Ichthyosis is rare, only about one person in a million suffers from it. Radner points out, however, that the ability to produce acylceramide is also reduced in the elderly, which makes their skin dry and cracked. “This could also be combatted by lipid treatment,” says the researcher. It was his work on the lipid metabolism that prompted Radner to investigate the skin lipids. For his dissertation, he investigated a gene called ABHD5, which plays a decisive role in lipid metabolism. Its mutation not only leads to defective lipid storage, but also, like the PNPLA1 gene, to ichthyosis. In the course of this project Radner was able to show that ABHD5 and PNPLA1 interact with each other. In a follow-up project, he now wants to examine the interaction in more detail.


Personal details Franz Radner studied microbiology at the Karl Franzens University in Graz. After his dissertation, he did postdoctoral research in Germany on rare genetic skin diseases at the University Medical Center Freiburg. Since 2013, Radner has been an independent research group leader at the Institute of Molecular Biosciences at the University of Graz. He is interested in cell biology, particularly in the lipid metabolism of the skin.


Publications

Kien B, Grond S, Haemmerle G, Lass A, Eichmann TO, Radner FP: ABHD5 stimulates PNPLA1-mediated ω-O-acylceramide biosynthesis essential for a functional skin permeability barrier, in: Journal of Lipid Research 2018
Zimmer AD, Kim GJ, Hotz A, Bourrat E, Hausser I, Has C, Oji V, Stieler K, Vahlquist A, Kunde V, Weber B, Radner FP, Leclerc-Mercier S, Schlipf N, Demmer P, Küsel J, Fischer J: Sixteen novel mutations in PNPLA1 in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis reveal the importance of an extended patatin domain in PNPLA1 that is essential for proper human skin barrier function, in: British Journal of Dermatology 2017
Grond S, Radner FP, Eichmann TO, Kolb D, Grabner GF, Wolinski H, Gruber R, Hofer P, Heier C, Schauer S, Rülicke T, Hoefler G, Schmuth M, Elias PM, Lass A, Zechner R, Haemmerle G: Skin barrier development depends on CGI-58 protein expression during late-stage keratinocyte differentiation, in: Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2017
Grond S, Eichmann TO, Dubrac S, Kolb D, Schmuth M, Fischer J, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Lass A, Radner FP: PNPLA1 deficiency in mice and humans leads to a defect in the synthesis of omega-O-acylceramides, in: Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2017