Skills development requires strong motivation
Many people consider a stay of several months abroad to be the best way to improve one’s foreign language proficiency and intercultural competence. Accordingly, every year hundreds of thousands of students take part in the world's largest mobility programme, Erasmus+. This year, however, thousands had to return home early due to the Corona pandemic. As the situation in the coming winter term is still uncertain, the question arises whether a stay abroad is the only way to develop high levels of second language proficiency?
Return phase under scrutiny for the first time
This latter view is based on deeply entrenched convictions in society and people's minds: “You soak up the foreign language like a sponge”; “learning a language abroad is the easiest way.” Or: “Speaking proficiency can only be achieved in the country where the language is spoken.” The underlying notion is always one of ‘effortlessness’. In a comprehensive study funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, Gianna Hessel, an applied linguist at the University of Graz, explored how foreign language skills, language learning motivation and intercultural competence actually develop during and after an Erasmus stay. The results of this study are now available. For the first time, a part of her investigation dealt with the initial nine months after the students’ return. Hessel conducted the project as a longitudinal study in which more than one hundred participants were surveyed and tested at several points in time. The survey participants included a control group of Erasmus+ applicants who continued to pursue their studies at the home university. These aspects had not been explored in the context of Erasmus in the past, nor had studies involved students from such a wide range of disciplines, from the humanities and social sciences to engineering.
Self-motivation is key to successful language learning
Two important objectives of Erasmus+ are increased foreign language proficiency and intercultural awareness. Hessel considers beliefs that these competencies „can only be acquired abroad“, and that „their development abroad is inevitable“ as „widespread misconceptions“. In order to assess actual gains and their sustainability, it is instructive to look beyond the abroad phase. Hessel was able to follow 81 German-speaking students during the return phase using a mix of methods, including questionnaires, multiple language tests and interviews. All students came from German universities and had spent one or two semesters at a UK university. “Given that the English language learning backgrounds of German and Austrian students tend to be very similar, the results seem quite transferable,” adds Hessel. A key finding of the post-return study: whilst the majority of returnees were able to maintain the acquired level of English proficiency during the first six months after their return, there was also no further improvement, “even though more than two thirds of the participants continued to speak English several times per week and read some of their academic course literature in English,” adds Hessel. Those students, however, who studied English as part of their degree course, e.g., English studies or teacher training, showed a tendency towards further progress during the return phase. Surprisingly perhaps, this was not related to the higher number of classes taught through English they attended. “For most of them, self-motivation for language learning, another aspect I researched, was strongly linked to their future professional self-image. Achieving high levels of language proficiency and being perceived as highly competent speakers in their future profession were strong, immediate motives,” explains Hessel. High levels of self-motivation caused the students to strategically plan their language learning and thus continue developing their skills at home.
Actively promoting strategy, reflection and soft skills
The relevance of self-motivation for language learning success is also demonstrated by a comparison of the linguistic progress between the Erasmus students and the control group that continued to study at the home university: during the first three months, foreign language proficiency tended to increase significantly among Erasmus students, but gains slowed thereafter and tended to be no higher than in the control group in most cases. The likelihood of successfully maintaining English proficiency levels post-return increased with the level of overall proficiency and confidence in speaking achieved by the end of the stay abroad. Hessel sees this as a challenge for universities to provide more support for students in terms of language development, especially also after their return. “The belief that students will return from their stay abroad linguistically proficient and interculturally competent is another idealised notion that is also commonly found at universities,” notes Hessel, who feels that we may still fail to realise that the development of foreign language proficiency and intercultural competence are lifelong learning processes. Realistic, confident assessment of one’s own capabilities, reflection, practice, clear goals and strategies for improvement are key to improving language and intercultural competence.
Skills can be acquired at home
In terms of intercultural competence, Hessel explored how the students’ self-perceived ability to interact with people belonging to other groups and their awareness of potentially culture-related differences in expectations and behaviours evolved. “Self-efficacy increased during the first three months of the stay abroad, but declined for the majority of students after their return. Intercultural competence is acquired only through a combination of experience and reflection. If there are no opportunities for guided reflection when students return to the home university, self-reflection tends to fall short and students are left with the experience only. This means that a lot of potential for transformative learning is left unused,” says Gianna Hessel. Interactions with people who have different “cultural backgrounds” (group affiliations) hold great potential for intercultural learning. Opportunities for engaging in such interactions should be actively pursued both at home and abroad, for example by engaging with people of different ages, different social or professional backgrounds, ideally accompanied by guided reflection. “The study shows that there is no reason for assuming that students should not be able to achieve very high levels of language proficiency and intercultural competence at their home university,” Hessel states. Encouraging prospects, therefore, for all those unable to enjoy an Erasmus stay because of the corona crisis or for other reasons – and that represents the majority of students. After all, the stay abroad in itself is not enough for developing foreign language skills and intercultural competence in the long term unless accompanied by strong motivation, reflection, clear goals and strategies.
Personal details Gianna Hessel is an applied linguist at the Department of English Studies, University of Graz. She completed her studies at the universities of Mainz and Oxford. Her research focuses on second language acquisition, the psychology of second language learning and intercultural learning. Hessel is a Lise-Meitner-Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the context of the FWF’s Lise Meitner mobility programme.
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